communsim essays

communsim papers * Red Star * Communism is a perfect society that is ridiculous for people to keep up. In this framework significant assets and methods for creation are possessed by the network as opposed to by people. The general public is without cash, without a state, without property and without social classes. All individuals would add to the general public as indicated by their capacity and take from the general public as indicated by their requirements. Fredrick Engel's accepted that a common could as it were be freed by abrogating rivalry, private property, and all class contrasts, and supplanting it with affiliation. The idea was gotten from old sources, for example, Plato's Republic and the most punctual Christian collectives. In the mid nineteenth century, the possibility of a socialist society was a reaction to the poor social classes that created during the start of present day private enterprise. Public social orders have existed for a considerable length of time, yet they in the end fizzled. Since forever, strict gatherings have had the most achievement in looking after collectives. The Roman Catholic Church built up religious communities all over Europe in the medieval times. The greater part of these little scope private tests included willful collaboration, with everybody taking an interest in the overseeing process. Logicians Karl Marx and Fredric Engel impacted the development of socialism extraordinarily. In the late 1800's the two found that they had independently come to perfect sentiments on the ideal society. They teamed up their thoughts in their most popular Socialist Manifesto, also the same number of other educational leaflets. Underdeveloped nations taking a stab at national freedom and social change tried different things with their philosophie... <!

Strategic Communication Plan of Cocacola Essay Example

Key Communication Plan of Cocacola Essay Plan for 2010 Leyla Jafarova Alexander TEI Thessaloniki, Instructor: Mrs. Milona 12/10/2010 Introduction Like every single useful zone of an organization, the Communication Department assumes a key job in helping an association arrive at its goals. It makes an association justifiable; it stresses its disparities; it organizes messages for its key crowds. Eventually, Communications attempts to bundle and position an association to ensure its messages are clear, cognizant and reliable at exactly that point, would stakeholders be able to be generally steady. Vital correspondences plan causes you incorporate all the organization’s programs, government funded training and backing endeavors. By arranging a drawn out technique for your endeavors, you will turn out to be progressively proactive and key, as opposed to reliably responding to the current condition. The vital arrangement will assist you with utilizing your assets all the more successfully and deliberately by featuring collaborations and shared open doors in your different projects and work zones. The creation and appropriation of a vital interchanges plan speaks to a critical advance for any association. For some associations, the reception of such an arrangement speaks to a social move toward interchanges and an unmistakable acknowledgment that all the organization’s endeavors have a correspondences component. Government funded instruction, grassroots sorting out, investigate, open backing, direct assistance and in any event, gathering pledges are all, at their center, interchanges undertakings essential to the wellbeing and accomplishment of a philanthropic association. Vital Communications Plan comprises of a few sections and typically incorporates: * Context-whats occurred previously? Whats the history? * Environmental Scan-what are the key factors that will influence your prosperity? What is the media saying? Partners your partners and their normal responses. How you will oversee them? * Objectives-what would you like to accomplish? (ought to be clear, important, quantifiable utilize the SMART methodology on the off chance that you like) * Strategy-where are you going, an d why? * Audiences-who are the key crowds? * Announcement-given the methodology, would you say you are making a declaration? What are you declaring? * Messages-what are you saying about the declaration? * Tactics-by what method will you actualize your technique, both previously, during and after the fundamental declaration (expecting you have one)? * Issues-what issues may you need to survive? Assessment by what means will you know whether youve been fruitful? The Coca-Cola Company is a drink retailer, maker and advertiser of non-mixed refreshment concentrates and syrups. Other than its namesake Coca-Cola refreshment, Coca-Cola as of now offers in excess of 500 brands in more than 200 nations or regions and serves 1. 6 billion servings every day. The organization works a diversified dissemination framework dating from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company just delivers syrup concentrate which is then offered to different bottlers all through the world who hold a selective domain. Anyway Coca-Cola has been scrutinized a great deal for as long as hardly any years. We will compose a custom article test on Strategic Communication Plan of Cocacola explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Strategic Communication Plan of Cocacola explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Strategic Communication Plan of Cocacola explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It has been engaged with various wrongdoing contentions and claims identified with its relationship with human rights infringement and other saw unscrupulous practices. Various claims have been given corresponding to its purportedly monopolistic and oppressive practices, some of which have been excused, some of which have caused The Coca-Cola Company to change its strategic approaches, and some of which have been privately addressed any remaining issues. It has additionally been engaged with a separation case. There have been proceeding with reactions in regards to the Coca-Cola Companys connection to the Middle East and U. S. international strategy. The organization has been condemned on various natural issues. Pundits guarantee that the companys abuse of neighborhood water supplies in certain areas has prompted serious deficiencies for local ranchers and the constrained conclusion of certain plants. Bundling utilized in Coca-Colas items have a critical ecological effect. In any case, the organization firmly contradicts endeavors to present systems, for example, holder store enactment. Every one of these bits of gossip about Coca-Cola obviously harmed the picture of the organization without a doubt and caused numerous issues. Deals were going as the year progressed. An ever increasing number of individuals didn’t trust Coca-Cola any longer. Additionally, Coca-Cola has solid contentions. The primary one is obviously PepsiCo, which is well known everywhere throughout the world and has an extraordinary assortment of items. Consequently, Coca-cola can’t manage the cost of its picture to be harmed in such a case that that happens PepsiCo will turn into the pioneer of the business quick. At this moment Coca-Cola needs another Strategic Communication Plan to attempt to conquer the issues. Vital Communications Plan for Coca-Cola Background articulation: Last year, Coca-cola saw its deals diminished in the European market. So as to expand the business, Coca-Cola needs to characterize another key correspondences plan. As referenced over the picture of Coca-Cola has been harmed a considerable amount for as far back as 2 years by various components. A difficult work expected to manage outcomes of this harm in the picture of the organization. Contentions are in every case close, that’s why Coca-Cola must be aware of remain serious. New Strategic Communications plan is going to assist the organization with dealing with issues both inside and outside the organization. It will help Coca-Cola to utilize the quality and chances to defeat shortcomings and dangers. Corporate or Business/Functional Objectives: Accelerate carbonated soda development, drove by Coca-Cola * Selectively widen their group of drink marks so as to drive productive development * Grow framework benefit and ability along with their packaging accomplices * Serve clients with inventiveness and consistency so as to create development ove r all channels * Direct ventures to most noteworthy potential regions over the various markets * Drive proficiency and cost-adequacy wherever they are embedded * Increase deals by 3% in the following a half year, and by 5% altogether for the following a year * Increase the â€Å"impulse buy† by 15% in the following a year * Increase pieces of the overall industry by 10% in the following a year. Arrangement Issues: Whether or not individuals see Coca-Cola as a danger to be overweight * Whether or not view of Coca-Cola was influenced by the â€Å"cola war† * Whether or not youngsters see Coca-Cola brand as antiquated * Why Coca-Cola has low â€Å"impulse buy† rates External Environment Positive components: * Coca-Cola is a notable brand everywhere throughout the world * It has great relations with accomplices * Coca-Cola Company has begun to utilize web, by creating adolescents projects and games on the web. * It is seen as a steady supporter of a wide range of game occasions everywhere throughout the world * The view of Coca-Cola was changed for better during the most recent year. It has gotten more famous among youth than it was 2 years prior. The organization should continue working toward this path. Negative elements: There is an insecurity of the world of politics that can play against American organizations * The world is confronting a fast change. The time of downturn has influenced pretty much every nation * Company is confronting a solid simultaneousness, â€Å"Cola-war† * Medical Specialists attempt to demoralize individuals to drink sugar-soda pops and it truly influences the deals since impression of Coca-cola isn't that positive any longer. * It is an old brand which has been made for over a century. It tends to be viewed as a good old by youngsters. Inner Environment Positive elements: * Coca-Cola has an extremely skilled staff * Staff doesn’t have any enormou s grumblings * Employees acknowledge to get some additional preparation regarding the matter of their advantage Negative variables: Employees some of the time whine about the administration being too shut disapproved. * Also, there are grievances about absence of correspondence and criticism. * Employees are not educated on time about most recent changes in the organization. * Employees communicated their sentiment of being overlooked. Lucky opening External Clients * Coca-Cola is accomplice in numerous games which increment mindfulness about the organization * It is a multi-year join forces with Warner Bros. With the arrival of â€Å"Harry Potter movie† * It has built up the Coca-Cola Ware, in view of urban road life. * Coca-Cola Company utilizes the natural mindfulness with explicit projects. Coca-Cola may begin another joint endeavor like one with Jamp;B. Inward Clients * Educational projects for representatives * Development of new correspondence framework inside the orga nization to improve corporate culture * Team building exercise Communication goals External crowds * Increase attention to the individuals by 5 % in the following a half year. This expansion by and large, gathering all the intended interest groups. As Coca-Cola is as of now notable brand it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to build mindfulness by a significant rate. * To stress the distinctions of the items contrasted with its rivals and make a separation mindfulness expanded by 20% in the following a year. Coca cola has a particular taste that can separate it from different brands. * To underscore the brand esteems mindfulness by 20% in the following a year. * To reposition the brand as more youthful and increasingly fun. Coca-cola is a brand with a long history. Coca-cola needs to reposition itself to alluring again for youngsters. * To keep up the brand inclination among the customers. The brand needs to fortify its infiltration in driving crowds.

2019 National Book Awards Translated Literature Longlist Announced

2019 National Book Awards Translated Literature Longlist Announced The National Book Foundation announced the  2019 National Book Awards Translated Literature longlist.  This prize, which represents a permanent fifth National Book Award category, was added last year and honors a work of fiction or nonfiction that has been translated into English and published in the U.S. It was awarded last year  to The Emissary by Yoko Tawada, translated by  Margaret Mitsutani. This years longlist includes  seven novels, two memoirs, and a collection of essaysâ€"originally written in ten different languages! Find more on these outstanding #NBAwards authors and translators at our website.  https://t.co/Z3DuQDCUP7 pic.twitter.com/16YBtLPCyc National Book Foundation (@nationalbook) September 17, 2019 2019 National Book Awards Translated Literature Longlist When Death Takes Something from You Give It Back: Carl’s Book by  Naja Marie Aidt, translated by  Denise Newman The Collector of Leftover Souls: Field Notes on Brazil’s Everyday Insurrections by  Eliane Brum, translated by Diane Grosklaus Whitty Space Invaders by Nona Fernández, translated by Natasha Wimmer Will and Testament by  Vigdis Hjorth, translated by Charlotte Barslund Death Is Hard Work by  Khaled Khalifa, translated by Leri Price Baron Wenckheim’s Homecoming by  László Krasznahorkai, translated by Ottilie Mulzet The Barefoot Woman by  Scholastique Mukasonga, translated by Jordan Stump The Memory Police by  Yoko Ogawa, translated by Stephen Snyder Crossing by  Pajtim Statovci, translated by David Hackston Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead by  Olga Tokarczuk, translated by Antonia Lloyd-Jones The shortlist will be announced October 8th. The winner will be announced November 20th at the  70th National Book Awards Ceremony. The $10,000 prize will be split evenly between the winning author and translator. The judges for the category this year are Keith Gessen, a founding editor of n+1,   author, and translator; Elisabeth Jaquette, a translator and the executive director of the American Literary Translators Association;  Katie Kitamura, whose most recent novel A Separation has been widely acclaimed;  Idra Novey, author and translator, notably of Clarice Lispector;  and Shuchi Saraswat, a writer and independent bookseller, she is also the curator of the Transnational Literature Series at Brookline Booksmith, an author events series that focuses on migration, exile, and displacement with an emphasis on works in translation. Are any of your favorite books in translation on this list? Are there any you think are missing? Stay tuned for more announcements on longlists for poetry, fiction, and nonfiction! Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Domestic Violence - 2691 Words

For a long time, there was a belief that situations that arose within the family were solely a private matter. Women were treated as possessions of men and the law did not legally recognise the rape of a wife by her husband. In recent times, society’s attitudes towards domestic violence have changed considerably. Once, the only avenue that existed for victims of domestic violence was through criminal law. Today, all states of Australia have enacted various forms of domestic violence legislation to deal with this growing problem within our communities. The Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 (Qld) provides a broader and more contemporary definition of what constitutes domestic and family violence. The legal definition of†¦show more content†¦When imposing conditions on a respondent, the need to protect the aggrieved and any named persons, along with the welfare of a child of the aggrieved, are to be of paramount importance. A domestic violence order can come in one of two forms: a temporary protection order or a protection order. A temporary protection order is an order made in the period before a court decides whether to make a protection order for the benefit of the aggrieved. A protection order is made by a magistrate when they make a final decision. A domestic violence order usually expires after a period of 1 to 2 years at which point the aggrieved can apply to the court to extend the order if fear of the respondent or the likelihood of violence is still present (NCSMC, 2012). Often, the police are the first to be called to instances of domestic violence. Under the Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act, police now have the ability to issue a police protection order. Unlike a protection order, which requires waiting until the courts issue it, the police protection order can be issuedShow MoreRelatedDomestic violence1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ 3/1/13 Domestic Violence Persuasive Essay Final Draft â€Å"Every year, in the United States there are over 3 million incidents of reported domestic violence. Every year, 4,000 victims of domestic violence are killed.† (Domestic Violence: Disturbing Facts about Domestic Violence). Domestic violence is a crime that is not just committed in the United States, but worldwide. This crime is committed every day, every hour, every minute, and every second. Anybody can be a victim or the abuser. ThisRead MoreDomestic Violence1340 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence is a problem sweeping the nation. This problem can affect anyone from anywhere but is generally acting out upon children and adult women in abusive relationships. Domestic violence is emotionally and physically scarring for anyone involved, and as a result could take multiple intervention meetings to begin to understand the issue, alleviate the associated problems, and to assist the victim in getting back on his or her feet. The consequences of abuse include anxiety, d epressionRead MoreDomestic Violence1120 Words   |  5 Pagesstatements that one hears when discussing domestic violence. When video broke of NFL player Ray Rice, hitting and knocking out his then girlfriend Janay, those were the types of questions that erupted on social media. Instead the question should have been, â€Å"Why did he hit her?†, â€Å"Why didn’t he show any emotion or remorse?† â€Å"What is wrong with him?† This is known as victim blaming, and it is unfortunately all too prevalent in our society today. Domestic violence is a dirty little secret that no one wantsRead MoreDomestic Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesover 3 million incidents of domestic violence. That means that every nine seconds a women is beaten by her domestic partner† (Findeley). There are many women that stay silent when being abuse by their partners. The consequences of staying quiet when obtaining abuse can be dangerous and can also lead to death. Many women do not recognize the importance of the fact that there is in speaking out if they are being abuse by their partner. No woman should take domestic abuse by their partners. EveryRead MoreDomestic Violence And Public Violence Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion people in the United States are affected by domestic violence. There are 8.8 million children who will witness domestic violence. Half of all victims of domestic violence will also experience the unimaginable pain of their child/children being abused alongside them. The fact is, domestic violence will affect or touch every person in their lifetime (Pence McMahon, 1999). There are many ground-breaking advocates of reducing domestic violence, though one stands out above the others. EllenRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1237 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can occur in any type of relationship. There are many types of domestic violence including; social, physical, emotional and spiritual. Domestic violence is all about one person wanting control and power over the other and it can be expressed in many ways. It can occur in more than one way such as; coercion, threats, intimidation, isolation, stalking, sexual abuse, and economic abuse. It can also be a single act or a pattern of behaviourRead MoreDomestic Abuse And Domestic Violence965 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to do the domestic survivors subculture I feel as if it was a great topic to focus on its going to reveal a lot of emotion. Domestic violence can happen to anyone. Domestic violence sometimes called battering is against the law. At first glance, it is hard to imagine why a victim of domestic violence would voluntarily remain in the relationship with the abuser. As you may know domestic violence doesn’t always start off as violence it starts off as in the form of love. The abuser feels asRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Domestic Violence1380 Words   |  6 Pagesobject to violence, because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent†, quoted by Mahatma Gandhi. Violence is defined as an unjust or unwarranted exertion of power or force to intentionally injure, damage, or destroy something or someone. Amongst the various types of violence, there is one in particular that has been causing an ongoing debate within societies across the world; this certain type of violence is known as domestic violence. Domestic violence, alsoRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2015). The topic that will be studied with the paper is intimate partner violence or another term that can be used is domestic violence. Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is the systematic pattern or control or power perpetuated by one partner against another (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.). Throughout the paper the term domestic violence and intimate violence will be used interchangeably. The misconception is that domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence859 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence occurs in all economic, ethnic, and social backgrounds of every society of the world. In Canada, 546, 000 men suffer from domestic violence; that equates to 6% of the male population (Family Violence). The number of women who are victimized through intimate violence total around 653, 000; that equates to 7% of the female population (Family Violence). The amount of abuse being directed towards men is essentially the same amount that is directed towards women. However, the family

Promoting School Support Throughout Your Community

Every school would benefit from increased community support. Research has proven that schools with a greater support system thrive compared to those who do not have such support. School support comes from a variety of places both internally and externally. An effective school leader will leverage a variety of strategies to get the entire community to support the school. The following strategies are designed to promote your school and gain more community support from a variety of stakeholder groups. Write a Weekly Newspaper Column How: It will highlight the school’s successes, focus on individual teacher’s efforts, and give student recognition. It will also deal with challenges that the school is facing and needs that it has. Why: Writing the newspaper column will allow the public the opportunity to see what is going on within the school on a weekly basis. It will allow them the opportunity to see both the successes and obstacles that the school is facing. Have a Monthly Open House/Game Night How: Every third Thursday night of each month from 6-7 p.m., have an open house/game night. Each teacher will design games or activities geared towards the particular subject area they are teaching at the time. Parents and students and students will be invited to come in and participate in the activities together. Why: This will allow parents the opportunity to come into their children’s classroom, visit with their teachers, and participate in activities about subject areas that they are currently learning. It will allow them to be more actively involved in their children’s education and allow them to have more communication with their teachers.​ Thursday Lunch With the Parents How: Each Thursday a group of 10 parents will be invited to eat lunch with the principal. They will have lunch in a conference room and talk about issues that are current with the school. Why: This allows parents the opportunity to become comfortable with the principal and to express both concerns and positives about the school. It also allows the school to be more personalized and gives them the opportunity to provide input. Implement a Greeter Program How: Each nine weeks students will be selected to participate in the greeter program. There will be two students greeting per class period. Those students will greet all visitors at the door, walk them to the office, and assist them as needed. Why: This program will make visitors seem more welcomed. It will also allow the school to have a more friendly and personalized environment. Good first impressions are important. With friendly greeters at the door, most people will come away with a good first impression. Have Monthly Potluck Lunch How: Each month the teachers will get together and bring food for a potluck lunch. There will be doors prizes at each of these lunches. Teachers are free to socialize with other teachers and staff while enjoying good food. Why: This will allow the staff to sit down together once a month and relax while they eat. It will provide an opportunity for relationships and friendships to develop. It will provide time for the staff to pull together and have some fun. Recognize Teacher of the Month How: Each month, recognize a special teacher. The teacher of the month will be voted on by the faculty. Each teacher who wins the award will receive recognition in the paper, their own personal parking space for the month, a $50 gift card to the mall, and a $25 gift card for a nice restaurant. Why: This will allow individual teachers to be recognized for their hard work and dedication to education. It will mean more to that individual since they were voted on by their peers. It will allow that teacher to feel good about themselves and the jobs that they are doing. Conduct a Yearly Business Fair How: Every April, invite several businesses in the community to participate in the annual business fair. The entire school will spend a few hours learning important things about those businesses such as what they do, how many people work there, and what skills are needed to work there. Why: This allows the business community the opportunity to come to the school and show kids what all they do. It also allows the business community the opportunity to be a part of the students’ education. It provides the students with opportunities to see if they are interested in working a particular business. Presentation by Business Professionals for Students How: About every two months guests from within the community will be invited to discuss the how’s and what’s of their particular career. People will be chosen so that their particular career relates to a specific subject area. For example, a geologist might speak in the science class or a news anchor might speak in a language arts class. Why: This allows businessmen and women from the community the opportunity to share what their career is all about with the students. It allows the students to see a variety of possible career choices, asks questions, and find out interesting things about various careers. Begin a Volunteer Reading Program How: Ask people in the community who would like to get involved with the school, but do not have children who are in school, to volunteer as part of a reading program for students with lower reading levels. The volunteers may come in as often as they wish and read books one-on-one with the students. Why: This allows people the opportunity to volunteer and get involved in the school even if they are not the parent of an individual within the school district. It also provides students the opportunity to better their reading abilities and to get to know people within the community. Start a Living History Program How: Once every three months a social studies class will be assigned an individual from the community who volunteers to be interviewed. The student will interview that person about their lives and events that have happened during their lives. The student will then write a paper about that person and give a presentation to the class over that person. The community members who have been interviewed will be invited to the classroom to hear the students’ presentations and to have a cake and ice cream party afterward. Why: This allows students the opportunity to get to know people within the community. It also allows members of the community to assist the school system and to get involved with the school. It involves people from the community that may not have been involved in the school system before.

Linear Regression House Pricing Free Essays

Housing Prices in Blowing Rock, NC: A Hedonic Analysis Thomas Carter Economics 4000 1. Introduction A difficult characteristic to understand about the housing market is how a price is given for a particular house. That price will be designated to that particular house alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Linear Regression: House Pricing or any similar topic only for you Order Now All houses have various pricing, so I can’t always assume that one will cost more or less than any other. The pricing for houses vary based on their characteristics. Each characteristic must be analyzed to determine its contribution or detraction toward the price. I have taken some of these characteristics and modeled the relationship between them and the price of real estate for a specific area. How are these characteristics used in determining the price? A model that is commonly used in real estate appraisal is the hedonic regression. This method is specific to breaking down items that are not homogenous commodities, to estimate value of its characteristics and ultimately determine a price based on the consumers’ willingness to pay. The approach in estimating the values is done by measuring the differences in the price of certain goods with regards to specific location. E. g. average cost of real estate is much lower in Missouri than in California. Location may be the biggest factor in real estate pricing. 2. Data and Regression Analysis My data is for Blowing Rock, NC. It’s a resort town in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The attractions here are mostly outdoor activities taking place in the secluded wilderness. The population is only about 1500 and the average cost of a house from my data is $485,839. 50. For my linear regression, I am modeling the relationship between the price of homes, being my dependent variable, and some characteristics of the omes, being my explanatory variables. Originally my data consisted of the following for real estate in Blowing Rock, NC: price – selling price, miles from central business district, number of bedrooms, number of full bathrooms, number of half bathrooms, the year the home was built, square footage, number of garages, whether or not the house was located in a subdivision, lot size, if the house ha d a good view, number of days on the market, and difference between asking price and selling price. First I modeled a linear regression between price and all of my characteristics (see Table 1). To interpret these variables I have regressed, I look at the Coefficient column of the output. The sign of the number tells whether the characteristic increases or decreases the price. For each additional mile away from the central business district the price of a home decreases $25,002. 96. For each additional bedroom the price increases $20,832. 78. For each additional full bathroom the price increases $79,715. 21. For each additional half bathroom the price increases $123,988. 80. For every year that a house ages the price decreases $2,355. 05. For every increase in one square-foot the price increases $93. 13. For each additional garage the price increases $26,249. 66. If the house is in a subdivision the price increases $25,999. 07. For each additional acre of land the price increases 56,480. 75. If the home has a nice view(most likely of the Blue Ridge Mountains) the price increases 127,900. 10. For each additional day the home is on the market the price decreases $181. 04. Based on the adjusted R-squared I have determined that about 53. 38% of the price of homes in this town comes from these characteristics. Looking at the P values, not all are significant, thus some of these characteristics may play little part in determining the price. The insignificant characteristics were number of bedrooms, number of garages, and whether or not the home was in a subdivision. Some other weak variables were the number of days the home has been on the market and the difference between asking price and selling price. I feel that the number of days the house a house is on the market is a weak explanatory variable because a seller usually has an idea of what the house is worth, and even if it does not sell immediately, they may be willing to wait or only need to adjust the price a little in order for it to sell. The difference in asking and selling price could be correlated with the number of days on the market and very similar reasoning as to why it is a weak variable. The seller will most likely not allow much difference in their asking and selling price because of the appraised value. Also, looking at the coefficients of these two variables, I can see that change in them do not impact the price very much. The number of bedrooms is not a significant characteristic because it is correlated with the square footage. It seems a little odd that the number of garages is insignificant. However, the mean number of garages for this data is above one, meaning the average house in Blowing Rock has at least one garage. With a garage being fairly standard amenity for homes in Blowing Rock I can understand it not being a very significant factor on the price compared to the other characteristics. Living in a subdivision is not significant for this town as well. I took out the highly insignificant variables (bedrooms, garages, and subdivision) and modeled another regression (see Table 2). My adjusted R-squared improved to 54. 28%. Expand! 3. Summary and Conclusions Table 1 reg price miles bedrooms fullbath halfbath yearbuilt sqft garage sub acres vie ws days diff Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 100 ————-+—————————— F( 12, 87) = 10. 45 Model | 6. 0522e+12 12 5. 0435e+11 Prob F = 0. 0000 Residual | 4. 2002e+12 87 4. 8278e+10 R-squared = 0. 5903 ————-+—————————— Adj R-squared = 0. 5338 Total | 1. 0252e+13 99 1. 0356e+11 Root MSE = 2. 2e+05 —————————————————————————– price | Coef. Std. Err. t P|t| [95% Conf. Interval] ————-+———————————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ – miles | -25002. 96 9499. 989 -2. 63 0. 010 -43885. 22 -6120. 706 bedrooms | 20832. 78 44293. 87 0. 47 0. 639 -67206. 08 108871. 6 fullbath | 79715. 21 40491. 55 1. 97 0. 052 -766. 1288 160196. 5 halfbath | 123988. 8 45920. 12 2. 70 0. 008 32717. 59 215260 yearbuilt | -2355. 046 1202. 24 -1. 96 0. 053 -4744. 596 34. 50387 sqft | 93. 13114 50. 65843 1. 84 0. 069 -7. 557963 193. 8203 garage | 26249. 66 28224. 21 0. 93 0. 355 -29849. 02 82348. 34 sub | 25999. 07 56280. 61 0. 46 0. 645 -85864. 75 137862. 9 acres | 56480. 75 13324. 99 4. 24 0. 000 29995. 88 82965. 61 views | 127900. 1 48592. 63 2. 63 0. 010 31316. 96 224483. 2 days | -181. 0406 126. 8538 -1. 43 0. 157 -433. 1762 71. 09506 diff | . 5086182 . 3190536 1. 59 0. 15 -. 1255353 1. 142772 _cons | 4541470 2363007 1. 92 0. 058 -155261. 1 9238202 Table 2 reg price fullbath halfbath yearbuilt sqft acres views days diff miles Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 100 ——â €”—-+—————————— F( 9, 90) = 14. 06 Model | 5. 9915e+12 9 6. 6572e+11 Prob F = 0. 0000 Residual | 4. 2609e+12 90 4. 7344e+10 R-squared = 0. 5844 ————-+—————————— Adj R-squared = 0. 5428 Total | 1. 252e+13 99 1. 0356e+11 Root MSE = 2. 2e+05 —————————————————————————— price | Coef. Std. Err. t P|t| [95% Conf. Interval] ————-+—————————————————————- fullbath | 84256. 29 38750. 63 2. 17 0. 032 7271. 402 161241. 2 halfbath | 131657. 9 43504. 03 3. 03 0. 003 45229 . 58 218086. 3 yearbuilt | -2286. 429 1165. 349 -1. 96 0. 053 -4601. 599 28. 74033 sqft | 112. 8896 40. 74526 2. 77 0. 007 How to cite Linear Regression: House Pricing, Papers

Competitive Food and Beverage Policies - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Food and Beverage Policies. Answer: Introduction: Organizational management of any business organization plays crucial role in the development of any business organization (Wu, Huang and Chou 2014). It is their responsibility to scrutinize the function of the business organization to run the business organization successfully (Cavanaugh et al. 2014). General Manager of any business organization influences the business operation of the organization. He covers almost all the operational areas of the business organization, such as- the administrative phase, production phase and delivery stage. He is the key person to inform about any development of the organization. The general manager plays key role in the success of the organization (AbuKhalifeh, Som and AlBattat 2013). Gold Coast Convention Centre has started its catering business recently. The business was flourishing day by day. However, due to the appointment of an inexperienced food and beverage manager the organization has faced massive crisis. The manager has taken some wrong steps and ignored many serious issues at the same time. This has led the organization to face a deadly conclusion (Gccec.com.au, 2017). The below mentioned report has demonstrated the actual reason of the massive crisis. It has presented some recommendations as well to resolve the issues and provide flawless service to its consumers. Being one of the leading business organizations, Gold Coast Convention Centre is a renowned name among the consumers. It has recently launched a new wing of catering service. In order to ensure the development of this service the organizational management has appointed many staffs who will contribute to establish a better future for the organization. The primary objective of the organization was to make huge profit and serve their consumers with quality food and beverage products. In order to achieve the desired target, the organizational management has relied on their food and beverage manager who is inexperienced in the field of food and beverage service. Due to lack of awareness in the field, the manager has taken some drastic step that has led the organization to face massive crisis. The manager has not allowed any kind of adoption of new techniques and strategies to influence the growth of the organization. The manager was keen to earn more profit but he was unwilling to impleme nt any new strategy to provide uninterrupted service to the consumers. The manager was not ready to take any efficient suggestion provided by the employees or other stakeholders. Due to the reason the manager has failed to identify the loopholes in the organizational system. There was a communication gap between the organizational management and organizational employees. According to the manager employees are always loyal to the company. He has completely relied on their performance and has not felt to give them training or rectify their mistakes by reviewing their performance. This is one of the major issues that have led the organization to face the disaster. The manager wants to achieve the desired target in the easiest way. Due to the communication gap between the organizational authority and manager, board of directors has also failed to identify the real problem in the organizational structure. The manager has claimed that the company is providing flawless service to its consu mers. On the other hand, the customers have complained that they are highly disappointed by the performance of the organization. Consumers have claimed that they are not receiving quality food and beverage and the service is extremely poor. Due to lack of communication the organizational management has failed to receive consumers feedback. As a result of this organizational turbulence, the organization has faced massive financial crisis. Gold Coast Convention Centre has faced immense loss and lost loyal consumers (Sayed, Morsy and Hassan 2016). As per the case study it can be stated that there are some major issues in the organizational structure. Such as Manager is the key person of organizational function. He plays a significant role in the development of the organization. He must possess a clear idea about the style of organizational function. He must be skilled enough to influence the growth of the organization. Being a leading business organization, Gold Coast Convention Centre must recruit one skilled and experienced manager who possesses great experience in the food and beverage service. Lack of experience and lack of capability to manage the organizational function of the new manager has led the organization to face the massive crisis (Huang et al. 2015). There is a communication gap between the employee and organizational management, organizational authority and manager and organizational management and consumers. This is another major issue that has led the organization to face failure in the catering service. Due to lack of strong interactive relation between the organizational management and stakeholders, the organizational management has failed to identify the loopholes in the organizational structure and service of the organization which is harmful for the growth of any business organization (Sanchez-Vaznaugh et al. 2015). The manager was unwilling to take the suggestion of the stakeholder. It is considered as another major issue for the failure of the organization. It is important for every business organization to meet often with the stakeholders and discuss about the issues that has been faced by the organizational management while operating the business. Every business organization must maintain transparent relation with the stakeholders and consider their suggestion while designing their organizational system. It will make the organizational structure more effective and efficient. Due to the lack of transparency with the stakeholders, the manager has failed to improve the quality of the organizational performance (Hong and Diep 2016). The manager has failed to scrutinize the performance of the employees. This is also one of the major loopholes in the responsibility area of the new manager. It is important for every business organization to review the performance of the employees frequently. It will help the organization to understand the performance growth of the employees as well as the organization. The management will be able to identify the weak performer of the team. It will foster the growth of the organization. Employees are the key component of the business organization. Their performance influences the development of the organization. The manager has failed to identify the weak link of the team. This has spoiled the brand image of the organization (Ha et al. 2014). The primary objective of the business organization is to make huge profit by providing quality service to the consumers. In order to achieve the desired target, the organizational management must follow inventory cycle procedure. The inventory cycle process consists of three primary stages, such as- ordering phase, production phase and finished goods and deliver phase (Grekova et al. 2014). The ordering phase refers to stage where an organization order and receive raw material. This stage plays a significant role in the success of any business organization. The organizational management must maintain a strong and healthy relation with all its suppliers to ensure an uninterrupted flow of raw material, as the quality of the product depends on the quality of the raw material (Giritlioglu, Jones and Avcikurt 2014). Production phase refers to a stage where products are manufactured. This is the most crucial stage in the inventory cycle. The quality of the product is highly depends on this stage. Finished goods and deliver phase is the last stage of the inventory cycle procedure. In this stage, organizational management supplies the processed products to the market, distributors and consumers. The organizational management must ensure the flawless delivery of the product to consumers to influence the growth of the organization (Grekova et al. 2016). To run the business organization, organizational management of Gold Coast Convention Centre must maintain a strong and effective inventory cycle process. By accomplishing all the stages of the inventory cycle process, the organizational management can provide quality service to its consumers, which is highly beneficial for the growth of the organization (Ford, Ng and Popkin 2015). Literature Review: According to many reports, the success of every business organization is highly depends on the inventory cycle process (Duru, Ekwe and Okpe 2014). This process covers almost all the functional area of a business organization. In order to ensure the growth of the organization, the organizational management must maintain transparent and interactive relation with all the suppliers of raw materials, as there are many raw material suppliers but there is a lack of quality product suppliers. According to some analysts, to maintain healthy relation with the raw material suppliers every business organization must maintain contractual agreement (Ferrer and Ferrer 2016). It will help the organization to earn the faith of the suppliers. The business organizational management must consider transport system as an important factor while designing the organizational strategy. It will be helpful for the organization to supply raw material to the firms as well as it will be helps full for the organiza tion to supply the processed product to the consumers or distributor. In the case of, Gold Coast Convention Centre, the organizational management must use a strong transport system to supply the raw materials to the firm. Some analysts claim production phase as the most crucial stage for providing flawless service to the consumers (Fardet and Boirie 2014). The organizational management must adopt all new and innovative techniques to improve the productivity of the organization as well as to improve the quality of the product. After the production process, the organizational management must deliver the fresh and newly processed to the consumers or distributors. Some analysts claim that the role of the business organization is not only restricted to the product delivery phase. The organizational management must maintain interactive relation with the consumers as well as with the distributors to receive their feedback. It will help them to identify their mistakes which are highly benef icial for the improvement of product quality (Chen, Chiu and Hsu 2016). Recommendations: Being the general manager of Gold Coast Convention Centre, some recommendations can be made to improve the service quality of the organization and establish a better future for the organization, such as- To ensure the growth of the organization, the organizational management must make an appropriate plan which will be helpful for the organizational management and staff members to identify their responsibility area. This will helps them to realize their duty towards the organization. The organizational management must adopt all the new techniques to improve their performance quality as well as the product quality. The implementation of new techniques will raise the productivity rate of the organization. It will help the organization to manufacture many food and beverage products within a short span of time. In order to achieve the desired target, the organizational management must maintain a strong supply chain. They must maintain transparent and interactive relation with all its suppliers as well as all the stakeholders. They must maintain contractual agreement with all the suppliers to avoid any kind of legal issue. The organizational management must examine the performance of the employees. It will help them to identify the weak performer of the group. The organizational management must conduct training and development program to enhance their skill. The organizational management must maintain interactive relation with the employees to provide them a transparent picture of organizational objective. It will motivate them to give their best performance to achieve the desired target and put a strong foot print in the industry. During training session the organizational management must explain new changes that need to be implemented to improve the organizational performance. It will help the employees to adopt new changes smoothly. The organizational management of Gold Coast Convention Centre must use new and innovative communication tools to receive feedback from the consumers. They must start their own blog to provide a strong platform to the consumers where they will be share their views about the food and beverages of the company as well as the service quality of the company. The organizational management must pay close attention to all the feedback of the consumers to improve organizational performance. The development of the organization is highly dependent on the feedback of the consumers. In order to ensure the development of the organization, organizational management must concentrate on improving communication with the consumers. The organizational management must use all the new forms of media to promote their brand name. It will be highly beneficial for the organization to increase the profit margin. Social media in recent time is considered as the most effective weapon to draw the attention of large number of audience. The organizational management must promote their brand name in the social networking sites in an effective manner. The organizational management must appreciate their employees and give them some extra provisions like extra leave, incentives, bonus and rewards and so on to motivate them to give their best performance. It will stimulate the performance of the employees and foster the growth of the organization. It is important for every business organization to appreciate employees to achieve the long-term goal. Board of directors of Gold Coast Convention Centre must often meet with the managers to take follow up of recent developments. They must explain organizational policies and strategy to the managerial department to prevent them to participate in any kind of unethical practices and show them the right path to achieve the organizational target. Conclusion: As per the previous discussion it can be concluded that due to lack of knowledge about the food and beverage service the manager has led the organization towards the wrong direction for which the organization has faced massive loss. It is important for every business organization to follow a strong and effective inventory cycle process to ensure the growth of the organization. It will help them to improve the performance quality as well as earn huge profit. The organizational management must maintain healthy and interactive relation with the members of board of director and all the internal and external stakeholders. Therefore, they must adopt new techniques and strategies to improve the production of the food and beverage products which will be helpful to provide flawless service to the consumers and establish a bright future for the organization. Reference: Gccec.com.au. 2017. gccec.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.gccec.com.au [Accessed 3 May 2017]. AbuKhalifeh, A.N., Som, A.P.M. and AlBattat, A.R., 2013. Human Resource Management Practices on Food and Beverage Performance a Conceptual Framework for the Jordan Hotel Industry.J Tourism Hospit,2(111), pp.2167-0269. Cavanaugh, E., Green, S., Mallya, G., Tierney, A., Brensinger, C. and Glanz, K., 2014. Changes in food and beverage environments after an urban corner store intervention.Preventive medicine,65, pp.7-12. Chen, C.M., Chiu, H.H. and Hsu, C.L., 2016. How does demand uncertainty affect food and beverage capacity in the hotel industry?.Current Issues in Tourism,19(13), pp.1288-1294. Duru, A.N., Ekwe, M.C. and Okpe, I.I., 2014. Accounts Receivable Management and Corporate Performance of Companies in The Food Beverage Industry: Evidence From Nigeria.European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research,2(10), pp.34-47. Fardet, A. and Boirie, Y., 2014. Associations between food and beverage groups and major diet-related chronic diseases: an exhaustive review of pooled/meta-analyses and systematic reviews.Nutrition reviews,72(12), pp.741-762. Ferrer, R.C. and Ferrer, G.J., 2016. Earnings Management Indicators and Their Impact on Inventory Turnover under Food, Beverage and Tobacco Sector: A Thorough Study Using Simultaneous Equations Model.Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal,20(2), p.93. Ford, C.N., Ng, S.W. and Popkin, B.M., 2015. Targeted beverage taxes influence food and beverage purchases among households with preschool children.The Journal of nutrition,145(8), pp.1835-1843. Giritlioglu, I., Jones, E. and Avcikurt, C., 2014. Measuring food and beverage service quality in spa hotels: A case study in Bal?kesir, Turkey.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(2), pp.183-204. Grekova, K., Bremmers, H.J., Trienekens, J.H., Kemp, R.G.M. and Omta, S.W.F., 2014. Extending environmental management beyond the firm boundaries: An empirical study of Dutch food and beverage firms.International Journal of Production Economics,152, pp.174-187. Grekova, K., Calantone, R.J., Bremmers, H.J., Trienekens, J.H. and Omta, S.W.F., 2016. How environmental collaboration with suppliers and customers influences firm performance: evidence from Dutch food and beverage processors.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.1861-1871. Ha, O.K., Song, Y.S., Chung, K.Y., Lee, K.D. and Park, D., 2014. Relation model describing the effects of introducing RFID in the supply chain: evidence from the food and beverage industry in South Korea.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(3), pp.553-561. Hong, P.T.T. and Diep, D.K.Q., 2016. The Influence of Branding Management on Business Performance: An Empirical Evidence from Vietnamese Food and Beverage Industry.International Journal of Business Administration,7(3), p.36. Huang, T.T., Ferris, E., Crossley, R., Guillermin, M., Costa, S. and Cawley, J., 2015. A protocol for developing an evaluation framework for an academic and private-sector partnership to assess the impact of major food and beverage companies investments in community health in the United States.BMC obesity,2(1), p.36. Sanchez-Vaznaugh, E.V., Snchez, B.N., Crawford, P.B. and Egerter, S., 2015. Association between competitive food and beverage policies in elementary schools and childhood overweight/obesity trends: differences by neighborhood socioeconomic resources.JAMA pediatrics,169(5), pp.e150781-e150781. Sayed, A.H., Morsy, M.A. and Hassan, M.S., 2016. Evaluation Study of Application of HACCP System in Food and Beverage Department at Five Star Hotels in the Red Sea Governorate.Journal of Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University,10(1/2). Wu, P.H., Huang, C.Y. and Chou, C.K., 2014. Service expectation, perceived service quality, and customer satisfaction in food and beverage industry.International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online),7(1), p.171.

Introversion in the context of personality

Navajo Exile The Treaty of 1868

Navajo Exile The Treaty of 1868 Free Online Research Papers First Peoples of North America Since the settlement of Euro-Americans in North American territory and the establishment of the United States as an independent nation, Native American people have been greatly impacted by foreign politics. Euro-Americans and the United States government interacted mostly with these Native American tribes though the establishment of treaties, which were supposed to benefit both parties involved. However, indigenous tribes found themselves taken advantage of, not respected as a nation by foreign politics and slowly losing their way of life to the dominating Euro-American culture. One tribe that was greatly impacted by treaties and foreign policy were the Navajo people in the Southwest. Like the other indigenous tribes of North America, the Navajo people were slowly negotiated out of land and independence. The Navajo people originate from Southwest, most specifically northwestern New Mexico. They call themselves Dine, meaning â€Å"the people† and refer to their land as Dinetah, meaning â€Å"land of the people†. Their way of life included hunting, farming, tailor-made garments and in later years turned to herding as their major economic focus. Before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo between the United States and Mexico on February 2, 1848, the Navajo people interacted mostly with Mexico since they were colonized by the Spanish. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States gained more than 1.2 million square miles of territory (what we now refer to as New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Nevada and California) in exchange for $15 million. However, the confrontations between the Navajo people and Mexico were now something that the United States inherited. On August 31, 1849, U.S. representatives James Calhoun and Colonel John Washington met with a group of Navaj o people to explain the United States government’s plans to build forts and settle peacefully in the region. Unfortunately, the ended in an outburst of violence and U.S. soldiers shot and killed seven Navajo’s after a dispute over a Mexican guide’s horse being stolen. Needless to say, news of the tragic event made its way to the many bands of Navajo people and they each decided where they stand on the issue of American settlement. Different influential leaders of different bands of Navajo people entered into negotiations with U.S. representatives and signed a series of treaties. In the early 1950s, the United States erected their first fort in Navajo country and named it Fort Defiance. The name itself hinted at the tension and uneasy feelings between the United States and the indigenous people of the area. In July of 1858, a group of Navajos shot and killed the black slave of the fort’s commanding officer, Captain William T.H. Brooks. The slave, known as Jim, was killed in response to the slaughter of Navajo leader Manuelito’s cattle that were grazing on land claimed by both the United States and Manuelito. Captain William T.H. Brooks than demanded that the Navajos bring him the man responsible for Jim’s murder. Instead they killed a Mexican man, brought his body to the fort and identified him as Jim’s murderer. Brooks was not convinced and dispatched his troops to Navajo country where they killed the first band of Navajo people they encountered. Unsettled land disputes and the United States’ interaction with several different Navajo leaders that could not sign treaties on behalf of all bands of Navajo, resulted in the massacre of a group of Navajo people who most likely had no knowledge of the original dispute. By the 1860s, the United States negotiated a treaty with the Navajo people that would allow members of the Navajo tribe to travel to Fort Fauntleroy and receive rations of food. Eventually, U.S. Army officials began planning a major military campaign to force the Navajo people to submit to federal authority. The Civil War gave the U.S. army stationed in New Mexico the perfect justification to wage battles against the Navajo people. In the fall of 1862, General James Carleton was assigned commander of the U.S. Army in New Mexico Territory and began his campaign to round up the scattered Navajo people and relocate them to Fort Sumner in New Mexico. â€Å"On the reservation, they would be a captive audience for whites seeking to â€Å"civilize† them by preaching Christianity and teaching them other non-Indian values. Held long enough†¦the Indians might be compelled to assimilate into mainstream American society† (Iverson, pg. 34). Despite the Navajo peoples’ at tempt to flee capture by U.S. soldiers, many bands of the Navajo tribe were rounded up and sent to Fort Wingate to prepare for the long journey to Fort Sumner. By 1864, the U.S. Army captured more than eight thousand Navajo people and forced them to walk two hundred and fifty miles to Fort Sumner. Any members of the tribe that resisted were abused or shot, women who gave birth along the way were given to special consideration as they were forced to continue on the journey, and at least two thousand men women and children died along the way. This large campaign of forced relocation is commonly known as The Long Walk, and something that has never been forgotten amongst the Navajo tribe. Once they reached Fort Sumner, the U.S. Army quickly realized how ill equipped they were to house and feed so many captives. Their initial plan to make the natives grow their own food and farm the land failed, as the farming conditions and insect problems led to crop failure. The U.S. Army eventually negotiated contracts with non-Indians to provide food for the Navajo people. Corrupt suppliers sold them spoiled food, and many of the natives suffered digestive problems and dysentery (an inflammatory disorder of the intestine that causes diarrhea). The campaign was a complete and utter failure that resulted in the Navajo tribe losing their land, being torn away from their natural way of life, and eventually being put under the control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in January of 1867. The BIA was established in 1824 as an agency in the Department of the Interior for the sole purpose managing governmental relations with indigenous people. The construction of the transcontinental railroad brought more and more American settlers and caused the United States government to rethink its Native American policies. To make way for American settlers, the United States entered into new negotiations with Native American tribes that would lay out the terms of their confinement on reservations in Indian Territory. Out of this, the United States Peace Commission was established to negotiate treaties with the various tribes. The two members chosen to visit the Navajo tribe at Fort Sumner were Colonel Samuel F. Tappan and General William Tecumseh Sherman. In the spring of 1868, Tappan and Sherman spoke with ten representatives of the Navajo people at Fort Sumner and explained the federal policy of relocating tribes to reservations in Indian Territory. The Navajo representatives expressed the tribe’s desire to go back to their homeland, and one representative named Barboncito told the visitors, â€Å"The bringing of us here had caused great decrease of our numbers- many of us have died, also a great number of our animals†¦ Our grandfathers had no idea of living in any other country except our own†¦ When the Navajos were first created, four mountains and four rivers were pointed out to us, inside of which we should live; that [which] was to be our country was given to us by the first woman of the Navajo’s tribe. I hope to God you will not ask me to go to any other country than my own† (Iverson, pg. 38). Sherman then explained that he would be willing to consider the option of the allowing the Navajo people to return to their homeland, but that the tribe would have to live peacefully within the boundaries designated by the United States government. On June 1, 1868, the Navajo tribe signed a treaty with the United States government that would allow them to return home. Once ratified by the government, the treaty laid out the initial boundaries of the Navajo Reservation that was made up of 3.5 million acres of land that spread across northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Another part of the treaty involved the United States providing one teacher for every thirty Navajo children between the ages of six and eighteen that had a desire to attend school. â€Å"The U.S. government also pledged to give the Navajo people seeds and farming equipment and to purchase fifteen thousand sheep and goats and five hundred beef cattle for their use. In turn the Navajos agreed not to oppose the construction of any railroad or roads through the reservation, not to raid non-Indian settlements, and not to block the building of any military posts in their midst† (Iverson, pg. 42). With the signing of this treaty, the Navajo people became one of the very few native tribes of North America that were able to return to their ancestral homeland, while other tribes were forced to endure permanent removal from their homeland and live in Indian Territory. Although the Navajo tribe was able to return to their ancestral homeland, dealings with the United States government and the tribe did not end with the signing of the Treaty of 1868. The tribe was still only allowed to return to a portion of their homeland, and land disputes between white settlers and Navajo people seemed to be never ending. Navajo sheepherders and white ranchers both wanted use of public domains and white settlers wanted to settle on land at the boundaries of Navajo land. Also, other tribes constantly raided Navajo land and the so called protection the U.S. Army pledged to provide was almost non-existent. However, there were good things that came from The Long Walk. Because the United States government dealt with the Navajo people as a whole, and not individual bands within the tribe, they began to see the need to work together. This sense of unity for the Navajo people continued in the years that followed, and as the Navajo tribe grew in numbers; they eventually en tered into negotiations with the United States government for more land. Between 1878 and 1884, the Navajo people were able to convince the United States government to give them an additional 3.6 million acres of land to accommodate its people. While most Indians were losing their land to American expansion, the Navajos were demanding more territory through their government appointed Indian agents. However, in 1882 the United States government established a reservation for the Hopi Indians that included land already given to the Navajo people. The executive order that established an Indian Reservation for the Hopi Indians stated that â€Å"Hopi land could be occupied by ‘other Indians as the Secretary of the Interior may see fit to settle thereon’ † (Iverson, 45). The United States expected both tribes to share land, overlapped previous land negotiations with the Navajo tribe and resulted in problems between the Navajos and Hopis many years later. In 1933, the Bureau of Indian Affairs instituted a policy of livestock reduction among the Navajos due to overgrazing and much damage to Navajo land. John Collier, commissioner of the BIA, was able to get a few small additions to Navajo land if the tribe reduced some of their livestock at the same time. Although Collier initially attempted to carry out this policy with the cooperation of the Navajo people, he was forced to make decisions as the tribe was very hesitant to give up their livestock. Some Navajos were taken to jail for refusing to round up livestock or for fighting the agents who were part of the reduction program. â€Å"†¦they resented the loss of their livestock- especially for their sheep- because they saw it as an attack not only upon their means of support but upon their very culture† (Iverson, pg. 61). After 1936, agents began forcibly taking livestock without explaining why and with very little sensitivity towards their importance to the Navajo people. During a public hearing in 1936, Chee Dodge warned the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs by saying, â€Å"You take sheep away from a Navajo, that’s all he knows. He isn’t going to farm or anything like that; you might give a few acres to the poor ones, but stock-raising is in their heart. That’s their work. If you keep cutting down sheep, after a while the government will have to feed these people, give them rations; you know what that will cost† (Iverson, pg. 65). After the livestock reduction program concluded, many Navajo people had to find work in small towns and big cities off the reservations. As World War II began, many native people left their reservations to work in war related industries and twice as many Native Americans enlisted in the war. â€Å"World War II probably marked the greatest change in the lives of Native Americans since Columbus mistakenly identified the Americas for the Indies† (Holm, pg. 28). There are most likely two major reasons that Native Americans had such an overwhelming turn out to support the United States in the fight against the Axis; one being economic and the other having to do with a somewhat political allegiance to the United States. The United States, not excluding Native Americans, was in an economic depression. The Navajo especially had seen their livestock and livelihood taken away from them, leaving them to fend for themselves and quickly find other alternatives to support their families. Since the military offered room, board, clothing a paycheck; the military was seen as a way to earn money, fight for their land, and send m oney home to their families. As far as allegiance to the United States was concerned, the Navajo and many other native tribes had to look to the United States to ensure their ownership of what lands they had left over from signing treaties with whites. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 led to thousands of American and Native American men being drafted to serve in all branches of the United States armed forces. In response, John Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Jacob Morgan, chair of the Navajo Nation, called for separate Native American military units. Their reasoning was that Navajos should be in separate units because they shared a common language, meaning no time would be wasted in interpreters translating commands. Also, since Native American tribes were recognized as semi-sovereign protectorates; they were entitled separate and individual Indian military units. To affirm their sovereign status even more, Native American tribes all over the United States began to declare war free of the United States and issued formal declarations of war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The Navajo tribal council was the first Native American nation to do so, declaring â€Å"†¦that there was a ‘threat of fo reign invasion’ and that ‘any un-American movement among out people will be resented and dealt with severely.’ Moreover, ‘We resolve that Navajo Indians stand ready as they did in 1918 to aid and defend out government and its institutions against all subversive and armed conflict and pledge our loyalty to the system which recognized minority rights and a way of life that has placed us among the greatest people of our race† (Holm, pg. 36-37). It was on August 7, 1943 that the Navajo code talkers made their war introduction at the United States attack on Guadalcanal. In Richard Tregaskis’ book titled Guadalcanal Diary, he writes of how a medical officer on the troop ship the night before witnessed the Navajo soldiers â€Å" ‘doing a war dance’ in the hold of the troop ship†¦ ritually preparing themselves for the dangers ahead† (Holm, pg. 53). The Navajo code talkers were called upon to transmit orders, coordinate artille ry barrages, and report casualties while at the same time perfecting their code under battle conditions and exposing themselves to the tropical diseases of the area. The idea to use the Navajo language as a United States code language during World War II came from Philip Johnston, a civil engineer in Los Angeles and the son of a missionary who lived in Navajo country. Johnston grew up speaking the Navajo language and often acted as a translator during official meetings between the Navajo tribe and the federal government. In February of 1942, United Marine Corps recruiters travelled to Navajo lands to enlist a group of thirty men fluent in the Navajo language. Navajo code talkers only had two months to create the code and be trained on the use of the various kinds of radio equipment. â€Å"It not only took a great memory to be a code talker, but also an almost unbelievable ability to use both Navajo and English correctly and quickly† (Holm, pg. 78). Navajo marines were also trained in combat just like their fellow marines, and had to step away from their radio packs and engage in the fight when things became intense. Members of the Navajo t ribe traditionally have abhorrence to dead bodies and burial grounds, and anyone who has come in contact with the dead or been around the dead for a while must take part in special ceremonies to be purified. â€Å"The Navajo code was never broken and was a great factor in winning the war in the Pacific†¦ ‘Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima! The entire operation was directed by Navajo code† (Holm, pg. 83). Despite the history between the Navajo (and Native American tribes alike) and the United States, the hope of most Native Americans was that the American system of justice would prevail and right the past wrongs done to its Native American citizens. Navajo soldiers, who returned from the war and were exposed to more of the outside world, were convinced that the Navajo nation needed to learn how to better deal with the non-Indian populace. Immediately following World War II, Congress created the Indian Claims Commission in 1946 to give rulings on various claims made by Native Americans against the United States. This was partly done to give justice to those Native Americans who suffered at the hands of the federal government, while it also was setting things up for the federal government to withdrawal from the affairs of the native people. This new federal Indian policy came to be known as Termination, because its main goal was to end the federal government’s financial responsi bilities to Native American tribes and cease with special protection of reservation lands. The Navajo nation opposed Termination, arguing that â€Å"†¦their ancestors had signed treaties and agreements with the federal government, and therefore they were entitled to the unique legal status that these treaties granted them. Although tribes were not always pleased with the way in which the federal government acted toward them, they were even warier of the state governments, most of which in the past had shown little interest in the Indians† (Holm, pg. 74). In 1950 Congress passed the Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act, stating that tribe will receive $88 million over a ten-year period for internal projects such as reservation infrastructure and education. The Navajos knew that if they were survive and prosper as a tribal nation, their children and younger adults needed access to better education. In 1956 and 1957 large oil and gas fields were discovered in Navajo lands, and br ought in millions of dollars each year in oil royalties to the Navajo economy. By 1969, the Navajo people were officially referring to their great tribe as the Navajo Nation. While the Navajo Nation has come a long way since the Long Walk and the signing of the Treaty of 1868, many of the Navajo people still face poverty and unemployment. The signing of the Treaty of 1868 was the first step toward the Navajo people moving forward with a nation while not completely assimilating to their culture. The Navajo Nation has managed to act as a sovereign Indian nation, hold onto a portion of their original homeland, aid the United States in an Allied victory over the Axis during World War II and turn a federal policy like Termination into a chance for them to grow more independent. Though the future of the Navajo Nation is in no way guaranteed to be prosperous and free from conflict, the Navajo Nation still holds onto values and beliefs that helped guide their ancestors through hardships in the past. Bibliography Iverson, Peter, and Jennifer Nez Denetdale. The Navajo (Indians of North America). New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2005. Print. H., Oswalt, Wendell. This land was theirs a study of Native North Americans. Los Angeles: University of California, Oxford UP, 2009. Print. Holm, Tom. Code Talkers and Warriors Native Americans and World War II (Landmark Events in Native American History). New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2007. Print. Denetdale, Jennifer. The Long Walk The Forced Navajo Exile (Landmark Events in Native American History). New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2007. Print. Research Papers on Navajo Exile & The Treaty of 1868The Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Where Wild and West MeetBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTwilight of the UAWCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Water Pollution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Water Pollution - Assignment Example This essay declares that the problem of water shortage is not due to global warming but is more due to the increase in population and the wastage of water by a large number of people throughout the world. More 20% of the world population does not have access to clean drinking water. The United Nations water program has set a target, in Millennium Development Goals, of supplying 85% of world population with safe drinking water by the end of 2020. But with the increasing population and increased wastage and pollution of water this target cannot be achieved before 2030. This paper stresses that a large quantity of water is used for household washing purposes. This water which can be reused after proper treatment is normally wasted and thus contributes to the problem of water shortage particularly in the arid regions of the world. Qatar being one such region can also utilize its wastewater for fulfilling the increasing demand of water in the country. Wastewater does not only fulfill the increasing water demand but it is also very effective in controlling water pollution and various water-borne diseases particularly in countries like Qatar where people are unaware of the hygienic procedures through which they can stop water pollution. Wastewater reuse has is being practiced in various countries for providing fresh water resources. Desalination is the removal of the salt and minerals from sea water by the application of various processes.

Arnold Lazarus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arnold Lazarus - Essay Example Central to his work has been the phrase that started this report "Think Well-Act Well-Feel Well-Be-Well". This is his model and it is prominently displayed on his website. His contributions to the field have moved counselors into a better understanding of the "best practices" for certain disorders. Not only has he been a pioneer in the field but he has received hundreds of honors and opportunities in the past and in the world today. Lazarus was born in 1932 in Johannesburg South Africa. Not much is known about his life in South Africa but it is known that his early education started at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. While he was there he studied psychology and earn a B.A. degree. His interests lay in psychology and behavior. In 1956 he published his first paper in psychotherapy as his [perhaps] his Masters thesis entitled, "Behavior Therapy (Novel Guide, 2009). Lazarus came to America in 1963 to become a "visiting assistant professor" in psychology at Stanford University for one year. After that he went back to Witwatersrand University to lecture at their medical school for psychiatry. In 1966 he moved to America again to become the director of the Behavior Therapy Institute in Sausalito, California. He continued writing and in that year he published, Behavior Therapy Techniques with his colleague Joseph Wolpe (Novel Guide). By 1970, Lazarus became a visiting professor at Temple University Medical School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as a behavioral science professor. In each situation he continued to focus on human behavior and psychology. Lazarus is credited with being a pioneer in the field of psychotherapy. Prior to his work most psychotherapists used a "token economy" or other behavior technique that often took a lot of time and energy for the client to find relief. Lazarus saw that behavior therapy alone was not effective in treating some

Supervised Image Classification Techniques

Supervised Image Classification Techniques Introduction In this chapter, a review of Web-Based GIS Technology and Satellite image classification techniques. Section 2.2 presents a review of Web-Based GIS Technology.in section 2.3 Satellite images classification techniques are reviewed.In section 2.4 presents the related work .section 2.5 presents uses of web based GIS applications in real world. Section 2.6 presents available commercial web GIS sites. Section 2.7 reviews the types of Geospatial Web Services (OGC) 2.3 Image Classification Image classification is a procedure to automatically categorize all pixels in an Image of a terrain into land cover classes. Normally, multispectral data are used to Perform the classification of the spectral pattern present within the data for each pixel is used as the numerical basis for categorization. This concept is dealt under the Broad subject, namely, Pattern Recognition. Spectral pattern recognition refers to the Family of classification procedures that utilizes this pixel-by-pixel spectral information as the basis for automated land cover classification. Spatial pattern recognition involves the categorization of image pixels on the basis of the spatial relationship with pixels surrounding them. Image classification techniques are grouped into two types, namely supervised and unsupervised[1]. The classification process may also include features, Such as, land surface elevation and the soil type that are not derived from the image. Two categories of classification are contain ed different types of techniques can be seen in fig Fig. 1 Flow Chart showing Image Classification[1] 2.3 Basic steps to apply Supervised Classification A supervised classification algorithm requires a training sample for each class, that is, a collection of data points known to have come from the class of interest. The classification is thus based on how close a point to be classified is to each training sample. We shall not attempt to define the word close other than to say that both Geometric and statistical distance measures are used in practical pattern recognition algorithms. The training samples are representative of the known classes of interest to the analyst. Classification methods that relay on use of training patterns are called supervised classification methods[1]. The three basic steps (Fig. 2) involved in a typical supervised classification procedure are as follows: Fig. 2. Basic steps supervised classification [1] (i) Training stage: The analyst identifies representative training areas and develops numerical descriptions of the spectral signatures of each land cover type of interest in the scene. (ii) The classification stag(Decision Rule)e: Each pixel in the image data set IS categorized into the land cover class it most closely resembles. If the pixel is insufficiently similar to any training data set it is usually labeled Unknown. (iii) The output stage: The results may be used in a number of different ways. Three typical forms of output products are thematic maps, tables and digital data files which become input data for GIS. The output of image classification becomes input for GIS for spatial analysis of the terrain. Fig. 2 depicts the flow of operations to be performed during image classification of remotely sensed data of an area which ultimately leads to create database as an input for GIS. Plate 6 shows the land use/ land cover color coded image, which is an output of image 2.3.1 Decision Rule in image classiffication After the signatures are defined, the pixels of the image are sorted into classes based on the signatures by use of a classification decision rule. The decision rule is a mathematical algorithm that, using data contained in the signature, performs the actual sorting of pixels into distinct class values[2]. There are a number of powerful supervised classifiers based on the statistics, which are commonly, used for various applications. A few of them are a minimum distance to means method, average distance method, parallelepiped method, maximum likelihood method, modified maximum likelihood method, Baysians method, decision tree classification, and discriminant functions. Decision Rule can be classified into two types: 1- Parametric Decision Rule: A parametric decision rule is trained by the parametric signatures. These signatures are defined by the mean vector and covariance matrix for the data file values of the pixels in the signatures. When a parametric decision rule is used, every pixel is assigned to a class since the parametric decision space is continuous[3] 2-Nonparametric Decision Rule A nonparametric decision rule is not based on statistics; therefore, it is independent of the properties of the data. If a pixel is located within the boundary of a nonparametric signature, then this decision rule assigns the pixel to the signatures class. Basically, a nonparametric decision rule determines whether or not the pixel is located inside of nonparametric signature boundary[3] . 2.3.2 supervised algorithm for image classiffication The principles and working algorithms of all these supervised classifiers are derived as follow : Parallelepiped Classification Parallelepiped classification, sometimes also known as box decision rule, or level-slice procedures, are based on the ranges of values within the training data to define regions within a multidimensional data space. The spectral values of unclassified pixels are projected into data space; those that fall within the regions defined by the training data are assigned to the appropriate categories [1]. In this method a parallelepiped-like (i.e., hyper-rectangle) subspace is defined for each class. Using the training data for each class the limits of the parallelepiped subspace can be defined either by the minimum and maximum pixel values in the given class, or by a certain number of standard deviations on either side of the mean of the training data for the given class . The pixels lying inside the parallelepipeds are tagged to this class. Figure depicts this criterion in cases of two-dimensional feature space[4]. Fig. 3. Implementation of the parallelepiped classification method for three classes using two spectral bands, after[4]. Minimum Distance Classification for supervised classification, these groups are formed by values of pixels within the training fields defined by the analyst.Each cluster can be represented by its centroid, often defined as its mean value. As unassigned pixels are considered for assignment to one of the several classes, the multidimensional distance to each cluster centroid is calculated, and the pixel is then assigned to the closest cluster. Thus the classification proceeds by always using the minimum distance from a given pixel to a cluster centroid defined by the training data as the spectral manifestation of an informational class. Minimum distance classifiers are direct in concept and in implementation but are not widely used in remote sensing work. In its simplest form, minimum distance classification is not always accurate; there is no provision for accommodating differences in variability of classes, and some classes may overlap at their edges. It is possible to devise more sophisticated versions of the basi c approach just outlined by using different distance measures and different methods of defining cluster centroids.[1] Fig. 4. Minimum distance classifier[1] The Euclidean distance is the most common distance metric used in low dimensional data sets. It is also known as the L2 norm. The Euclidean distance is the usual manner in which distance is measured in real world. In this sense, Manhattan distance tends to be more robust to noisy data. Euclidean distance = (1) Where x and y are m-dimensional vectors and denoted by x = (x1, x2, x3 xm) and y = (y1, y2, y3 ym) represent the m attribute values of two classes. [5]. While Euclidean metric is useful in low dimensions, it doesnt work well in high dimensions and for categorical variables. Mahalanobis Distance Mahalanobis Distance is similar to Minimum Distance, except that the covariance matrix is used in the equation. Mahalanobis distance is a well-known statistical distance function. Here, a measure of variability can be incorporated into the distance metric directly. Mahalanobis distance is a distance measure between two points in the space defined by two or more correlated variables. That is to say, Mahalanobis distance takes the correlations within a data set between the variable into consideration. If there are two non-correlated variables, the Mahalanobis distance between the points of the variable in a 2D scatter plot is same as Euclidean distance. In mathematical terms, the Mahalanobis distance is equal to the Euclidean distance when the covariance matrix is the unit matrix. This is exactly the case then if the two columns of the standardized data matrix are orthogonal. The Mahalanobis distance depends on the covariance matrix of the attribute and adequately accounts for the corr elations. Here, the covariance matrix is utilized to correct the effects of cross-covariance between two components of random variable[6, 7]. D=(X-Mc)T (COVc)-1(X-Mc) ( 2) where D = Mahalanobis Distance, c = a particular class, X = measurement vector of the candidate pixel Mc = mean vector of the signature of class c, Covc = covariance matrix of the pixels in the signature of class c, Covc-1 = inverse of Covc, T = transposition function[3]. Maximum Likelihood Classification In nature the classes that we classify exhibit natural variation in their spectral patterns. Further variability is added by the effects of haze, topographic shadowing, system noise, and the effects of mixed pixels. As a result, remote sensing images seldom record spectrally pure classes; more typically, they display a range of brightnesss in each band. The classification strategies considered thus far do not consider variation that may be present within spectral categories and do not address problems that arise when frequency distributions of spectral values from separate categories overlap. The maximum likelihood (ML) procedure is the most common supervised method used with remote sensing. It can be described as a statistical approach to pattern recognition where the probability of a pixel belonging to each of a predefined set of classes is calculated; hence the pixel is assigned to the class with the highest probability [4]MLC is based on the Bayesian probability formula. Bayes Classification: The MLC decision rule is based on a normalized (Gaussian) estimate of the probability density function of each class [8]. Hence, under this assumption and using the mean vector along with the covariance matrix, the distribution of a category response pattern can be completely described [9]. Given these parameters, the statistical probability of a given pixel value can be computed for being a member of a particular class. The pixel would be assigned to the class with highest probability value or be labelled unknown if the probability values are all below a threshold set by the user [10]. Let the spectral classes for an image be represented by à Ã¢â‚¬ °i, i = 1, . . . M Where, M is the total number of classes. In order to determine the class to which a pixel vector x belongs; the conditional probabilities of interest should be followed. P( à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x), i = 1, . . . M The measurement vector x is a column of Digital Numbers (DN) values for the pixel, where its dimension depends on the number of input bands. This vector describes the pixel as a point in multispectral space with co-ordinates defined by the DNs (Figure 2-20). Fig. 4.Feature space and how a feature vector is plotted in the feature space [9] The probability p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i |x) gives the likelihood that the correct class is à Ã¢â‚¬ °i for a pixel at position x. Classification is performed according to: x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  à Ã¢â‚¬ °i if p à Ã¢â‚¬ °i |x > p à Ã¢â‚¬ °j |x) for all j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   i3 i.e., the pixel at x belongs to class à Ã¢â‚¬ °i if p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x) is the largest. This general approach is called Bayes classification which works as an intuitive decision for the Maximum Likelihood Classifier method [11]. From this discussion one may ask how can the available p(x|à Ã¢â‚¬ °i) can be related from the training data set, to the desired p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x) and the answer is again found in Bayes theorem [12]. From this discussion one may ask how can the available p(x|à Ã¢â‚¬ °i) can be related from the training data set, to the desired p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x) and the answer is again found in Bayes theorem [12]. p (à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x)= p (x|à Ã¢â‚¬ °i) p (à Ã¢â‚¬ °i )/p(x) 4 Where p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i ) is the probability that class à Ã¢â‚¬ °i occurs in the image and also called a priori or prior probabilities. And p(x) is the probability of finding a pixel from any class at location x. Maximum Likelihood decision rule is based on the probability that a pixel belongs to a particular class. The basic equation assumes that these probabilities are equal for all classes, and that the input bands have normal distributions as in [13] D = ln(ac)-[0.5ln(|Covc|)]-[0.5(X-Mc)T(Cov-1)(X-Mc)] 6 Where: D = weighted distance (likelihood),c = a particular class,X = measurement vector of the candidate pixel, Mc =mean vector of the sample of class c,ac =percent probability that any candidate pixel is a member ofclass c,(Defaults to 1.0, or is entered from a priori knowledge),Covc = covariance matrix of the pixels in the sample of class c,|Covc| = determinant of Covariance (matrix algebra),Covc-1 = inverse of Covariance (matrix algebra) ln = natural logarithm function = transposition function (matrix algebra). 4- Comparison supervised classification techniques: One of the most important keys to classify land use or land cover using suitable techniques the table showed advantages and disadvantages of each techniques [3] : techniques advantage disadvantage Parallelepiped Fast and simple, calculations are made, thus cutting processing Not dependent on normal distributions. Since parallelepipeds have corners, pixels that are actually quite far, spectrally, from the mean of the signature may be classified Minimum Distance Classification Since every pixel is spectrally closer to either one sample mean or another, there are no unclassified pixels. Fastest decision rule to compute, except for parallelepiped Pixels that should be unclassified,, this problem is alleviated by thresholding out the pixels that are farthest from the means of their classes. Does not consider class variability Mahalanobis Distance Takes the variability of classes into account, unlike Minimum Distance or Parallelepiped Tends to overclassify signatures with relatively large values in the covariance matrix. Slower to compute than Parallelepiped or Minimum Distance Maximum Likelihood Most accurate of the classifiers In classification. Takes the variability of classes into account by using the covariance matrix, as does Mahalanobis Distance An extensive equation that takes a long time to compute Maximum Likelihood is parametric, meaning that it relies heavily on anormal distribution of the data in each input band 5- accuracy assessment No classification is complete until its accuracy has been assessed [10]In this context the accuracy means the level of agreement between labels assigned by the classifier and class allocation on the ground collected by the user as test data. To research valid conclusions about maps accuracy from some samples of the map the sample must be selected without bias. Failure to meet these important criteria affects the validity of any further analysis performed using the data because the resulting error matrix may over- or under- estimate the true accuracy. The sampling schemes well determine the distribution of samples across the land scape which will significantly affect accuracy assessment costs [14] When performing accuracy assessment for the whole classified image, the known reference data should be another set of data. Different from the set that is used for training the classifier .If training samples as the reference data are used then the result of the accuracy assessment only indicates how the training samples are classified, but does not indicate how the classifier performs elsewhere in scene [10]. the following are two methods commonly used to do the accuracy assessment derived from table . 1-the Error matrix Table 1.Error matrix[15] Error matrix (table1 ) is square ,with the same number of information classes that will be assessed as the row and column. Numbers in rows are the classification result and numbers in column are ref-erence data (ground truth ).in this square elements along the main diagonal are pixels that are correctly classified. Error matrix is very effective way to represent map accuracy in that individual accuracies of each category are plainly descried along with both the error of commission and error of omission. Error of commission is defined as including an area into acatogary when it does not belong to that category. Error of omission is defined as excluding that area from the catogary in which it truly does belong. Every error is an omission from correct category and commission to a wrong category. With error matrix error of omission and commission can be shown clearly and also several accuracy indexes such as overall accuracy, users accuracy and producers accuracy can be assessed .the fol lowing is detailed description about the three accuracy indexes and their calculation method overall accuracy Overall accuracy is the portion of all reference pixels, which are classified correctly (in the scene) that assignment of the classifications and of the reference classification agree).it is computed by dividing the total number of correctly classified pixels (the sum of the elements along the main diagonal) by the total number of reference pixels. According to the error matrix above the overall accuracy can be calculated as the following: OA == Overall accuracy is Avery coarse measurement. It gives no information about what classes are classified with good accuracy. producers accuracy producer accuracy estimates the probability that a pixel, which is of class I in the reference classification is correctly classified . It is estimate with the reference pixels of class I divided by the pixels where classification and reference classification agree in class I . Given the error matrix above, the producers accuracy can be calculated using the following equation: PA (class I) = Producer accuracy tells how well the classification agrees with reference classification 2.3 users accuracy Users accuracy is estimated by dividing the number of pixels of the classification results for class I with number of pixels that agree with the reference data in class I.it can be calculated as : UA(class I)= Users accuracy predicts the probability that a pixel classified as class I is actually belonging to class I. 2-kappa statistics The kappa analysis is discrete multivariate techniques used in accuracy assessment for statistically determining if one error matrix is significantly different than another (bishop).the result of performing of kappa analysis is KHAT statistics (actually ,an estimate of kappa),which is an- other measure of agreement or accuracy this measure of agreement is based on the difference between the actual agreement in the error matrix(i.e the agreement between the remotely sensed classification and the reference data as indicated by major diagonal) and the chance agreement, which is indicated by the row and column totals(i.e marginal)[16] A detailed comparison between two data sets, one with near-infrared and three visible and the other with the full 8-bands, was made to emphasize the important role of the new bands for improving the separability measurement and the final classification results [17]